PERTH, AUSTRALIA— Japan and Australia on Saturday agreed to share sensitive intelligence and deepen their defense cooperation by signing a security pact in an apparent move to counter China’s military ascent.
Prime ministers Fumio Kishida and Anthony Albanese inked the accord in the western Australian city of Perth, revamping a dusty 15-year-old accord drafted when terrorism and weapons proliferation were the overriding concerns.
Under the deal, the countries’ defense forces will train together in northern Australia and “expand and strengthen cooperation across defense, intelligence sharing” and a raft of other areas, Australian officials said.
“This landmark declaration sends a strong signal to the region of our strategic alignment,” Albanese said in hailing the “Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation.”
Kishida said the agreement was a response to an “increasingly harsh strategic environment” without naming China or North Korea.
Neither Australia nor Japan has the ranks of overseas intelligence operatives and foreign informants needed to play in the major leagues of global espionage.
Tokyo does not have a foreign spy agency equivalent to the United States’ Central Intelligence Agency; the United Kingdom’s Secret Intelligence Service, better known as MI6; and Russia’s Federal Security Service. Canberra’s Australian Security Intelligence Organization is a fraction of the size of those organizations.
But according to expert Bryce Wakefield, Australia and Japan have formidable signals and geospatial capabilities — electronic eavesdropping tools and high-tech satellites that provide invaluable intelligence on adversaries.
Wakefield, director of the Australian Institute of International Affairs, said the agreement was another signal that Japan was becoming more active in the security arena.
“It is a significant agreement in that Japan hasn’t overtly worked with partners outside the US on security,” he said. “It may actually end up being a template for cooperation with other countries, for example, the UK.”
Some even see the accord as another step toward Japan joining the powerful Five Eyes intelligence-sharing alliance between Australia, the UK, Canada, New Zealand and the US.
It is “an epoch-making event that Japan can share [signals intelligence] with [another] nation except for the US,” Ken Kotani, an expert on the history of Japanese intelligence at Nihon University, told Agence France-Presse (AFP).
“This will strengthen the framework of the Quad (Australia, India, Japan and the US) and is the first step for Japan to join the Five Eyes,” he said.
Such a suggestion would have been unthinkable a few decades ago, but events in Japan’s neighborhood have forced a rethink of the East Asian country’s pacifist policies established in the wake of World War 2.
In recent years, North Korea has repeatedly lobbed missiles over and around Japan, while China has built the world’s largest navy, revamped the globe’s biggest standing army, and amassed a nuclear and ballistic arsenal right on Japan’s doorstep.
But hurdles remain for Tokyo’s closer security cooperation with allies.
Japan’s intelligence sharing with allies has been hampered by longstanding concerns about Tokyo’s ability to handle sensitive confidential material and transmit it securely.
“To put it bluntly, Japan has traditionally leaked like a sieve,” said Brad Williams, author of a book on Japanese intelligence policy and a professor at the City University of Hong Kong.
Laws have been introduced to more severely punish intelligence leaks, but for now, Australia would probably be forced to scrub any intelligence it passes to Japan for information gleaned from the Five Eyes network.
Besides security, Kishida and Albanese also vowed more cooperation on critical minerals, the environment and energy.
Japan is a major buyer of Australian gas and has made a series of big bets on hydrogen energy produced in Australia as it tries to ease a lack of domestic energy production and dependence on fossil fuels.
A memorandum of understanding on critical minerals will see Japan tap Australia’s supply of rare earths, which are crucial in producing everything from wind turbines to electric vehicles.
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